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Vol. VI. JULY 1910. Bulletin No. 3. 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 






R. B. LEB. 



Prepared f»r the'State Department ef Ed»eati»». 



Published quarterly by the Gemson Agricultural College, 
Clemson College, S. C. 

Entered at the Post Office at Clemson College, S. C, as 
second class matter. 



&onogz!qp$ 



(Etemaott Agrintlf nntl ©ollwj? 



Volume VI JULY, 1910 No. 3 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 



BY V \ 



H, E. LEE 



Prepared for the State Department of Education. 



Published quarterly by the Clemson Agricultural College, 

Clemson College, S. C. 

Entered at the Postoffice at Clemson College, S. C, as 

second class matter. 









THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF CLEMSON 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 

Life Members. 

HON. ALAN JOHNSTONE, President ... Newberry, Newberry Co. 

HON. R. W. SIMPSON Pendleton, Anderson Co. 

SENATOR B. R. TILLMAN Trenton, Edgefield Co. 

HON. M. L. DONALDSON Greenville, Greenville Co. 

HON. J. E. WANNAMAKER St. Matthews, Orangeburg Co. 

HON. W. W. BRADLEY Abbeville, Abbeville Co. 

HON. R. I. MANNING Sumter, Sumter Co. 

Term Expires 1912. 

HON. JESSE H. HARDIN Chester, Chester Co. 

HON. JOHN G. RICHARDS, JR., Liberty Hill, Kershaw Co. 

HON. COKE D. MANN West Union, Oconee Co. 

Term Expires 1914. 

HON. W. D. EVANS Cheraw, Marlboro Co. 

HON. B. H. RAWL Lexington, Lexington Co. 

HON. IVY M. MAULDIN Pickens, Pickens Co. 



W. M. RIGGS, E. M. E., Acting President. 



The Clemson Agricultural College Extension Work Bul- 
letins are issued under the direction of the Faculty Committee 
on Extension Work: 

W. M. RIGGS, 
J. N. HARPER, 

C. S. DOGGETT, 
W. R. PERKINS, 

D. N. BARROW, 
D. W. DANIEL. 

ft, fWf % 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 

BY 
R. E. LEE 



INTRODUCTION. 

Houses may be classed among" the great conservative 
forces of civilization. The beginnings of organized society 
may be traced back to the time when men first constructed 
for themselves permanent places of abode. The early 
Christian church insured the perpetuity of its creeds and its 
forms of worship by embodying these in cathedrals which 
have endured the ravages of time, and have come down to 
us as monuments to the wisdom and zeal of their builders. 

The building of a school house is a serious business. It 
is a work which cannot be done today and undone tomor- 
row. It lasts for years and throughout the period of its ex- 
istence may largely determine the educational activities of 
the district, and will either help or hinder the whole de- 
veloment of the community. 

It therefore behooves the school board about to erect a 
home for the children of the district to consider carefully and 
to build wisely. They should remember that for at least 
six hours of the day the school house is to be the home of 
the rising generation. About it will cluster the associa- 
tions which will brighten or cloud the memories of coming 
years. The experiences connected with the school build- 
ing will largely influence the attitude of the child toward 
education for his entire life. 



4 EXTENSION WORK 

The school should be the most attractive spot in the 
community, and the building should set a standard for the 
coming citizen in sanitation and comfort. They say that in 
Switzerland the school house is always the most imposing 
edifice in the village. A suggestive story is told of a Swiss 
boy, who was traveling with his father in France. On the 
outskirts of Paris they passed the palace of the emperor. It 
was the most beautiful building the boy had ever seen. In 
wonder he turned to his father and exclaimed, "See the school 
house !" Such an ideal of the school house should become 
more prevalent in South Carolina. To an increasing extent, 
as time goes by, the school house is destined to become the 
center of community life. Properly located and constructed 
it may be made the general meeting place for the adults as 
well as the children, and the center from which will radiate 
the uplifting social forces of the district. 

All over South Carolina we are engaged in building 
school houses. This little bulletin is issued for the State 
Department of Education by Clemson College as a sug- 
gestive guide to those charged with the responsibilities of 
construction. 

Plans of one- two- three and four-room school buildings 
are shown, and Clemson College will furnish free working 
plans of any of these buildings to any Board of Trustees 
which intends to erect a building. 

This bulletin is intended to help the rural community in 
every legitimate way without entering into competition with 
architects. Trustees are urgently advised, whenever funds 
will permit, to secure the services of a competent architect, 
and in no case should a large building be erected without 
complete plans and specifications ; and the architect should be 
employed to supervise the construction. The plans shown in 
the back of this bulletin were kindly furnished by the archi- 
tects named and show some of the modern schools erected in 
the State. Thanks are extended to these gentlemen, and to 
Messrs. Birch & Harris, of the drawing division, for their ef- 
ficient services in preparing the drawings shown. Grateful 
acknowledgements are made to Prof. W. K. Tate, State 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 5 

Supervisor of Rural Schools, for copies of the school laws, 
notes on school grounds and architecture, and other valuable 
suggestions ; also to Prof. J. E. Swearingen, State Superin- 
tendent of Education, for many helpful suggestions and 
words of encouragement; and to any other parties who by 
their assistance made this bulletin possible. All of the plans 
shown in this bulletin have been approved by the State 
Superintendent of Education. 

If the contents of this book aid in any way towards the 
erection of better school buildings, and the beautifying of 
school grounds, not only in the rural districts but in the 
towns, it will fulfill its mission. 

R. E. LEE, 
Associate Prof, of Drawing and Designing. 



SCHOOL LAWS. 

Acts to encourage The Erection of School Buildings 

in South Carolina. 

In order to encourage and assist the people of South 
Carolina in the erection of adequate public school buildings, 
the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, at the 
session of 1910, y»assed the following Acts: 

An Act To Encourage and Aid in the Construction of 
Adequate Public School Buildings in the Respective Coun- 
ties of This State, and to Make an Appropriation for Same. 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of 
the State of South Carolina, That for the purpose of en- 
couraging and aiding in the construction of adequate pub- 
lic school buildings in the different counties of this State, 
the sum of twenty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out 
of the Dispensary' funds recently paid into the State Treas- 
ury by the Winding-Up Commission of the State Dispen- 
sary, and the said sum shall be used by the State Board of 
Education for such purpose. 

Section 2. That when the friends, patrons or trustees 
of any school district of any county of this State shall raise 
by private subscription, special tax, regular tax, sale of old 



6 EXTENSION WORK 

building - , issuing bonds, or otherwise, funds for building a 
school house in such district, the State Board of Education 
shall, upon application duly endorsed by the County Board 
of Education in which the public school desires aid, turn 
Over to the trustees of such school from the funds set aside 
for such purpose under this Act, fifty dollars for each one 
hundred dollars so raised by such friends, patrons, or trus- 
tees for constructing such school building: Provided. That 
no one school shall receive more than three hundred dollars 
under the provisions of this Act: Provided, further, That no 
more than one school in any district, in any one year, shall 
receive such aid: Provided, further. That in the case of the 
consolidation of two or more schools, an additional bonus of 
fifty dollars may be granted: And Provided further, That the 
State Board of Education shall give the preference to school 
districts which have combined and consolidated two or 
more school buildings: Provided, further, That any school 
district availing itself of the provisions of this Act shall com- 
ply with plans and specifications approved by the State 
Board of Education. 

Section 3. That no school shall receive aid under the 
provisions of this Act without the approval of the County 
Board of Education of the county in which said school 
shall be situated. 

Section 4 That the funds provided for in this Act 
shall be paid out by the State Treasurer only upon the war- 
rant of the State Board of Education, signed by the State 
Superintendent of Education. 

Section 5. All Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent 
with this Act be, and the same are hereby, repealed. 

Approved the 23rd day of February, A. D. 1910. 



An Act To Amend Sections 1 and 2 of an Act Entitled 
"An Act to Encourage the Erection of Adequate Public 
School Buildings. "Approved 22nd of February A. D. 1905." 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 7 

the State of South Carolina, That the County Boards of Edu- 
cation of the various counties of this State be, and the same 
are hereby, authorized to annually set aside an amount equal 
to five per cent, of the entire public school funds of their re- 
spective counties, which said amounts shall be used by the 
said County Boards of Education for the purpose of en- 
couraging by aiding in the construction of adequate pub- 
lic school buildings in their respective counties. 

Section 2. That when the friends, patrons or trustees 
of any public school in any school district in any county 
in this State shall raise by private subscription, special tax, 
regular tax, sale of old buildings, issuing bonds, or other- 
wise, funds for building a school house in such district, the 
County Board of Education of such county shall turn over 
to the trustees of such school, from funds set aside for such 
purpose under this Act, fifty dollars ($50) for each one 
hundred dollars ($100) so raised by such friends, patrons or 
trustees for constructing such school building: Provided, No 
one school shall receive more than three hundred dollars 
($300) under the provisions of this Act: Provided, That in 
case of the consolidation of two or more schools an additional 
bonus of fifty dollars ($50) may be granted : Provided, fur- 
ther, That no more than one school in any one districl, in 
any one year, shall receive such aid. 

Approved the 24th day of February, A. D. 1910. 



Extract from the Minutes of the State Board of Education. 
March 21, 1908. 

The following resolution, offered by M,r. Rice, was 
unanimously adopted : 

"WHEREAS the danger of loss of life by fire is ever 
present in all our public schools, now, therefore, be it re- 
solved : 

Section 1. That it is the sense of this Board that in any 
and all public school buildings in this State, it is the im- 
perative duty of trustees, or others charged with the con- 
struction of such buildings, to make such adequate provisions 



8 EXTENSION WORK 

for the escape of the pupils and teachers therefrom in case 
of fire, as will cover any and all contingencies that may arise, 
and this board recommends that all doors of entrance and exit 
to such buildings, as well as doors to hallways and class 
rooms be made to open outwards, and that ample fire 
escapes from any upper story of any such school building be 
permanently attached thereto and made part thereof. 

Section 2. 1 hat in all public buildings now in use in this 
State, not equipped with the safeguards against loss of life 
by fire, as set out in Section 1 hereof, that it is the imperative 
duty of the trustees of such schools .'to provide such safe- 
guards without delay. 

Section 3. That this Board further recommends that 
fire drills be practiced at least one a month in all our schools, 
and that the teachers and superintendents of said schools be 
requested to carry out this recommendation. 

Section 4. That copies of this resolution be sent to the 
various city and county superintendents of education of. this 
State for distribution among the trustees of the various 
schools of the State." 

Steps in Securing County and State Aid in the Erection of 
School Buildings. 

First — The district trustees should secure a clear title to 
the school lot and have this recorded. 

Second — The plan of the building should be approved by 
the county board of education. When this approval has been 
granted, the county superintendent will forward this plan to 
the State Department for similar examination and approval. 
Adoption of any plan suggested in the school building bul- 
letin, issued by Clemson College, can be indicated by the 
number printed in the bulletin, and will insure approval by the 
school authorities. 

Third — A formal application blank furnished by the 
State Department should be filled out by the county super 
intendent and the chairman of the district board for filing in 
the office of the State Superintendent of- Education. 

Fourth — Any money raised by private subscription and 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 9 

to be used as a basis for State and County aid, should be de j 
posited with the county treasurer to the credit of the school 
trustees. 




NEW " STATE FLAG" ACT. 

An Act to Provide for the Display of the State Flag Over 
Public Buildings : 

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of 
South Carolina : 

Section 1. That the State flag shall be displayed daily, 
except in rainy weather, from a staff upon the State House 
and every Court House, one building of the State University 
and of each State college, and upon every public school build- 
ing, except when the school is closed during vacation. 

Section 2. That it shall be the duty of the officer or of- 
ficers in charge of said buildings to purchase suitable flags 
and cause them to be displayed, the expense to be borne out 
of the funds provided for maintenance. 

Section 3. That it shall be the duty of Clemson College 
to manufacture in its textile department and sell at approxi- 
mate cost flags of suitable sizes and correct design, which 
shall consist of blue, with white increscent in the upper flag- 
staff corner, and white palmetto tree in the centre, as pre- 
scribed in the resolution adopted by the General Assembly, 
January 28, 1861, to be approved by the secretary of the his- 
torical commission. 

Section 4. That any person who mutilates, injures or 



10 EXTENSION WORK 

desecrates the flag of the State wherever displayed, as above 
provided, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon convic- 
tion shall be punished by a fine of not more than one hun- 
dred dollars, or imprisonment for not more than thirty days. 
Approved the 26th day of February, A. D. 1910. 



THE SCHOOL GROUNDS AND SCHOOL 
ARCHITECTURE. 

The School Site. 

The school should be located as near as possible to the 
center of the district. It should be accessible to the prin- 
cipal public highway, but far enough removed from it to be 
free from dust and distractions. Where a consolidated dis- 
trict provides transportation for its more distant pupils, it 
is sometimes best to place the building nearer to one end of 
the district, so that the pupils from that section may walk 
to school, leaving only the distant pupils from the other sec- 
tion to be transported. 

A school lot should never be less than one acre, and 
the wise school board will secure school grounds containing 
three or four acres, With a four-acre tract it is possible to have 
an athletic field and space for a school garden. 

The best shape for a one-acre lot is 10 rods front by 16 
rods deep ; for a two-acre tract 16 rods front by 20 rods 
deep; and for a four acre tract 20 rods front by 32 deep. 

The lot selected for a school house should be well 
drained, but not so rolling as to cause troublesome washing. 
Parts of it should be level enough to furnish satisfactory 
play grounds and athletic field. 

In some sections it has been the custom to place the 
school house on the least fertile spot in the district. With 
the advent of the school garden it is desirable that a more 
fertile soil should be selected. 

Under the laws of South Carolina the ground on which 
the school house is built must be the property of the trus- 
tees. 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 11 

Location of Buildings on the Lot. 

If the lot selected has the shape above indicated, it is 
best to place the building so that the school yard left back 
of it is a square. This gives a large back yard for play 
grounds, and front and side yards large enough for flowers, 
shrubbery, and a school garden. The school garden should 
never be allowed to trespass upon the play ground space. 

If the school yard is small, the privies for boys and 
girls should be placed in the extreme back corners, and 
should be screened by high board screens which should be 
covered with vines. If the yard is large the privies should 
be placed on the sides of the lot at a convenient distance 
from the school house, and the rear may then be reserved for 
a ball ground or athletic field. 

It is frequently desirable to provide stalls for horses at 
the school building. These, too, should be placed on the 
rear of the lot, and a screen of vines should cover the walls. 

Trees should be planted around the entire school lot, 
and it should also be enclosed by a good fence. 
The School Building. 

The adaption of the school room to its purposes, and 
not the external appearance, should determine the architec- 
ture. The school room is the unit in all school house con- 
struction. This room should embody certain essential prin- 
ciples, and should not vary widely from the standard de- 
scribed below. 

The number of these standard school rooms in a build- 
ing will be determined by the size of the school to be ac- 
commodated, and the finish and architectural adornment will 
depend on the taste of the community and the money at the 
disposal of the trustees. It is possible to embody the es- 
sential principles of good school construction in a very in- 
expensive building, or in a very elaborate one. 
The Standard Class Room. 

The class room for the average class should be 24 by 32 
feet, and 13 feet high. 

"Whenever possible, the building should be placed so 



12 EXTENSION WORK 

that the principal light will come from the East or North. 
This avoids the direct glare from the sun. 

The windows should be placed on the long side of tnc 
room, and on the left side of the pupils. They should be 
close together, so as to avoid cross lights and shadows. The 
front window on the side should not be placed beyond the 
front row of desks, and the rear window should be near the 
rear wall. No class room should have windows on opposite 
sides. It is better to have the light come from the left side 
of the pupils only. There should be no windows to the 
front or on the right of the pupils. Windows placed in the 
rear should either be transom windows above the black- 
board, or should be provided with shades to protect the eye- 
sight of the teacher. Since the best light conies from above 
the heads of the pupils, the tops of the windows should be 
within six inches of the ceiling. The area of the glass in 
the class room should be one-fifth to one-fourth the floor 
space. The room 24 by 32 feet should have at least 150 
square feet of window space. This would mean five windows 
eight feet high and three feet wide banked on the left side, 
and two such windows in the rear. All window sash should 
be hung on pulleys. 

The class room which has just been described differs 
widely from the one. usually seen in South Carolina. We ?*-e 
all familiar with the ordinary type. The designer of this 
typical school building seems to have had just one object in 
view, and that was to get the same number of windows on 
each side of the house. The best school architects of the 
United States now have courage to leave blank walls in 
handsome city school buildings. 

In the construction of the school house, Ave must con- 
sider the use of the room inside, and not our conceptions of 
exterior symmetry. The plans which follow in this pamphlet 
will show how this standard school room can be worked 
into a building which is also presentable on the outside. 
Window Shades. 

The best shade for a school room is one which rolls 
from the bottom on a spring roller with handle attached 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 13 

and which is hung on a cord running through a stop pulley 
at the top of the window. Such a shade may be placed in any 
position on the window. 

Blackboards. 
Blackboards 48 inches wide should be placed on all walls 
where there are no windows. They should be placed 28 
inches from the floor in ungraded rural schools. All boards 
should be provided with ample chalk rails for holding cray- 
on and erasers. 

The most economical material for blackboards in the 
ordinary school is the woodpulp composition board, now 
manufactured under various names. This may be had in 
convenient lengths, and is durable and easy to put in place. 
The dark green board is very agreeable to the eyes. The 
writing surface of this board may be renwed by an applica- 
tion of liquid slating. A fairly good cheap substitute for this 
board may be made by gluing two or three thicknesses of 
strong manilla paper upon a smooth plastered wall and 
giving it two or three coats of liquid slating. 

In the front of each class room should be a movable 
platform five by six feet and six inches high for the teacher's 
desk and chair. This platform gives the teacher a better 
command of the class during general exercises and study 
periods. 

Library Cases. 

Near the teacher's platform, or in some other conven- 
ient place in the class room, a book case with glass doors 
and with locker underneath should be built in the wall. 
This should be provided with lock and key. 

The Floor. 

The floor of the school room should be double and air- 
tight, the lower floor being laid diagonally, and the top 
floor tongued and grooved, with building paper between, and 
should be stained with a dark oil stain. Much sickness, dis- 
comfort, and poor work in school are caused by defective 
floors. The entire exterior of the building should be cov- 
ered with storm sheathing, nailed diagonally; on top of which 
is nailed the weather boarding, with building paper be- 



14 EXTENSION WORK 

tween. The double floor and sheathing will make the building 
much more comfortable and will make quite a reduction in 
the fuel bill. 

Heat and Ventilation. 

This subject has never received sufficient attention in 
the rural school. The ordinary heating apparatus of thest 
schools consists of a square box stove, placed in the center of 
the room, from which heat is received by the pupils through 
direct radiation. This usually means that pupils seated 
near the stove are too hot, and that those distant from it are 
too cold. Its position in the center of the room interferes 
seriously with the heating arrangement. 

A slightly greater investment will secure for the school 
a jacketed stove which heats the room by producing a cir- 
culation of warmed air through all parts of it. The prin- 
ciple of this stove is very simple. The cold air is taken 
through a pipe from outside of the building, and is carried 
through or under the sheet iron into contact with the hot 
stove on the inside. It is there heated, rises to the ceiling, 
and settles down over the entire room, producing a uniform 
temperature. As the impure air in the room settles to the 
floor, it is forced up through a pipe or wall register into a 
section of the flue, and carried from the building. This 
stove may be placed in the corner of the room, and does not 
necessaril) r break up the seating arrangement. The jacket 
prevents undue heat for the pupils seated near the stove. 

There are a number of patented stoves of this type which 
are said to be very satisfactory, two of which are shown. A 
tinner or blacksmith, however, can very easily make a tin, 
zinc, or sheet iron jacket for the ordinary stove, which will 
be very satisfactory. The jacket should extend at least 
eight inches above the stove, and should, of course, be pro- 
vided with a door, which may be opened for putting fuel in 
the stove. The cold air may be brought to the stove 
through a grated opening in the floor within the jacket, to 
which a duct two feet square, or equivalent, leads from un- 
der the floor outside of the building. - The exit of the im- 
pure air should always be placed near the floor, and the 
smoke flue and the ventilating flue should be placed side by 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 15 

side,, so that the heat from the first may assist in causing the 
draft essential to satisfactory ventilation through the sec- 
ond. If this opening is placed near the ceiling, the air 
warmed in the jacket will pass out of the room immediately 
without settling. An old fashioned open fire place makes a 
good ventilating shaft and may also be used to supplement 
(he store in extremely cold weather. The temperature of the 
school room should be kept between 68 and 70 degress. The 
windows should be opened and the room thoroughly aired 
at recess and at the close of the school session. 30 cubic 
feet of air per minute per pupil, or 1800 per hour is the ac- 
cepted standard for school room ventilation. The Clemson 
authorities will be glad to furnish information on other sys- 
tems of heating and ventilation to any parties requesting it. 

Seating. 

A room 24 by 32 will easily seat 48 pupils in single 
desks. The initial cost of single desk seating is greater than 
that of double desks, but this is more than balanced by the 
better order and discipline made possible by the single desks. 
The desks in such a school room will be arranged in six rows, 
each containing one "front", one "rear", and seven "com- 
pletes". School desks are made in standard sizes, and are 
numbered from No. 6, the very smallest desk, adapted to 
kindergarten and primary pupils, to No. 1, made for college 
students. 

For a one-room country school with 48 pupils there 
would be needed two rows of No. 5, two rows of No. 4, and 
one row each of No. 3 and No. 2. In an ungraded school 
two No. 4. recitation benches six feet long should be pro- 
vided. For a larger school, desks should be ordered in about 
this same proportion of sizes. 

The desks of the numbers given above vary in height 
and size of top, and the size should determine the distance, 
between backs as they are placed upon the floor. The 
spacing distance from back to back for a No. 5 is 22 inches 
for No. 4 is 24 inches, for No. 3 26 inches, and for a No. 2 
28 inches. Any attempt to place desks of varying sizes In 
line across the room will necessitate improper posture by 



16 EXTENSION WORK 

the occupants of some of them. Especial care stiould be 
taken to see that desks are properly put together. This will 
double the life of the desk. 

Many school authorities prefer to screw the desks to one 
and one half by three inch strips, instead of fastening them 
to the floor. The rows are then easily moved for cleaning the 
floor or for convenient seating when two or more rooms are 
thrown into an auditorium. The aisles should be about two 
feet wide, and a broad aisle should be left all around the 
school room. 

The cost of seating a room with the best desks, accord- 
ing to the above specifications, should be about $115.00 at 
the factory. A price list of school seatings and equipment 
furnished by reliable companies is on file in the office of the 
State Superintendent of Education, with the State Super- 
visor of Elementary Rural Schools, and with the Drawing 
and Designing Division of Clemson College; and from these 
sources, or from reliable dealers, boards of trustees may se- 
cure all neccessary information. There are great differences 
in the quality of school desks. It is always poor economy to 
purchase a poor desk at any price. The cheap all wood 
desk, sometimes sold in South Carolina, should especially be 
avoided. 

The Tinting of the Walls. 

The beauty and attractiveness of the school room will 
depend largely on the painting and the tinting of the walls. 
This subject is usually very much neglected in South Caro- 
lina. The glaring white walls, and deep blues, yellows 
and reds should be avoided. For rooms where the lighting 
is not the best, a cream is desirable. In general the best 
color for the school room is green. The wainscoting and 
woodwork should be a deep olive, the walls up to the pict 
tire moulding a sage green, and the ceiling a lighter stone 
green. All inside coloring should be. "dull finish". For the 
woodwork the green stain and a "wax finish" is the cheap- 
est as well as the best. An inferior grade of lumber can be 
used on the interior if well painted. All interior woodwork 
should be flat and plain, and all deep cut moulding avoided as 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 17 

far as practicable. These mouldings catch dust and are dif- 
ficult to keep clean. A picture moulding should be put on the 
walls of the room about 18 inches below the ceiling. A 
good finish can be gotten by wainscoting the space around 
the room below the blackboard level, although this is not as 
sanitary or desirable as the plaster and baseboard. A san- 
itary finish can be obtained by omitting all wood casing 
around the windows, and plastering the corner round against 
the window frame, and using a very narrow baseboard and 
few mouldings. The plastering should have a very fine sand 
finish. 

Cloak Rooms. 

It is very unsanitary to pile hats and wraps promiscous- 
ly in the corner of the class room, or to allow wet coats and 
umbrellas to dry out in the room occupied by the pupils. 
Every classroom in a school building should be provided 
with a cloak room adjacent to it sufficiently large to ac- 
commodate the hats and cloaks of the occupants. It should be 
provided with shelves and two rows of hooks for hats and 
coats. It should in all cases have outside ventilation by win- 
dows. 

Fuel and Work Room. 

Every school building should have a room convenient in 
which fuel can be stored. A pile of wood in the room itself 
does not contribute to an orderly class room. 

The best schools everywhere are recognizing the fact 
that there are many exercises other than study and recitation 
from the text books of the course which can be profitably 
conducted in connection with the rural school. 

In the city schools manual training is now recognized as 
a subject worthy of a place in the curriculum. For the 
country boy the varied exercises of the home and farm may 
take the place to some extent of the formal manual training 
course. Nevertheless, we believe that in every country 
school there should be the ordinary tools of the country 
home, such as the hammer and nails, brace and bit, paint and 
brushes, saw, axe, and plane ; and the boy should be en- 
couraged to use them in making the school house and 



18 EXTENSION WORK 

grounds more comfortable and attractive. An admirable be- 
ginning - for a school improvement league among the children 
of a district would be the acquisition of a few school tools 
and a little lumber, coupled with a few suggestions from the 
teacher as to desirable repairs and improvements in the 
building and surroundings. 

Auditorium. 

As the school becomes more and more the center of 
community life, the school auditorium will become more im- 
portant and necessary as a part of the school building. When 
the finances of a district will not allow the construction of 
a separate auditorium, it is possible to arrange the building 
so that two rooms may be thrown into one when the occa- 
sion demands. If the desks are not screwed to the floor, but 
are attached to strips, as indicated above, they may be easily 
shifted so as to face in one direction when desired. If the 
teacher's platforms are movable, they, too may be shifted to 
form a temporary stage. In the plans are presented drawings 
of a two-room school house so arranged that the rooms may 
easily be thrown together in this way. 

The Equipment of the School Room. 

The school room should contain the accessories named 
below as a minimum equipment for good work: 

1. A commodious teacher's desk with drawer and locker. 

2. A comfortable teacher's chair and two extra chairs 
for visitors. 

3. A call bell. 

4. A box of good crayon, and a dozen wool-felt erasers. 

5. Two or three blackboard pointers. 

6. A good set of maps, including political maps of the 
World, the United States, North America, Europe, Asia, and 
Africa, and a physical map of North America. It is most 
economical in the end to buy these maps in the steel case 
mounting. 

7. A good medium priced 12-inch globe. 

8. A good dictionary. 

9. A clock. 

10. A thermometer. 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 19 

In addition to these the school should gradually acquire 
sets of weights and measures, charts to assist in the teaching 
of the school subjects, and other auxiliaries suggested by the 
teacher. The skillful teacher and responsive pupils will 
gradually develop a school museum which will greatly enrich 
the work. 

The School Library. 

The days have passed when it is necessary to make any 
argument for a school library in South Carolina. Every 
school will make provision for its library, and will take ad- 
vantage of the generous offer of assistance in securing books 
made by the law of the the State. A copy of this law and 
the list of books adopted by the State Board of Education 
may be had by addressing the State Superintendent of Edu- 
cation. 

School Room Decoration. 

A school room arranged and equipped as described above, 
kept clean, and occupied by an enthusiastic teacher and busy 
interested children, will require very little decoration to com 
plete it. Avoid especially burdening the walls with cheap 
pictures. The penny pictures have their uses, but they are 
not intended to be pasted in "bunches" on the school walls. 
A few good pictures, which appeal to the understanding of the 
children, framed in good taste and hung artistically, will do 
more to cultivate the aesthetic sense of the pupils than a mass 
of cheap reproductions of the "masters", or even good pict- 
ures above the comprehension of children. 

Doors. 

All exterior doors should open outward, and the janitor 
should be required to keep the doors unbarred and unlocked 
while school is in session. It is best for the class room doors 
to open inwards so the teacher can have control over her pu- 
pils in case of panic. All entrances should be wide and be pro- 
vided with a porch or vestibule so children can find shelter if 
they come before school is opened. 

Corridors and Stairways. 

In schools of more than two rooms the corridors should 
be at least ten feet wide. The stairways should be at least 



20 EXTENSION WORK 

five feet wide, and the flights should be broken by landings 
whenever this is possible. Winding stairways, sharp turns, 
irregular treads, and steep ascents should of course be 
avoided. 

Exterior Painting. 

No school house should be considered as complete until 
the whole exterior has been given three good coats of good 
lead and oil paint. This not only adds to the beauty of the 
building but prolongs its life as well. In selecting the paint, 
glaring colors should be avoided and neutral tints selected. 
Good taste in the selection of colors and harmonious trim- 
mings will make the school building contribute to the eleva- 
tion of the aesthetic taste of the whole community. Good 
results can be gotten by the use of stained shingles on the 
sides of the building. 

The roof shingles should be given a coat of creosote 
stain. 

Remodeling Old Buildings. 

It is frequently possible to remodel an unsatisfactory 
building at a comparatively small cost. Among the plans 
which follow in this bulletin is one suggesting a way in 
which the rural school of the box type may be greatly im- 
proved. 

Suggestions for remodeling old buildings will be given 
by the Division of Drawing and Designing of Clemson Col 
lege to any trustees who will send sketches of the old build- 
ing. 






RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 21 

THE SCHOOL WATER SUPPLY. 
(By C. F. Williams, M. D., Secretary State Board of Health.) 

In the equipment of a school building no single factor 
is of more vital importance than the quality of water to be 
supplied. Good water is absolutely essential to the main- 
tenance of life and health, and in locating a school building, 
this fact should always be borne in mind. 

Inasmuch as the quality of water is affected by various 
circumstances in different localities, it is impossible, in the 
absence of an examination, to determine beforehand the 
quality of water, and as the only means of safety, we urge 
that all supplies be examined both chemically and bacteriolog- 
ically before their use is permitted. If the water is found 
potable on examination, then it is within the province and 
the duty of the school authorities to see that it is kept pure. 

The purity of well water depends largely upon the man- 
ner in which the well is constructed and the precautions ex- 
ercised to prevent its pollution. The accompanying cuts il- 
lustrate to some extent how water may be polluted, and 
how, in the construction of a well , pollution may be avoided. 
Driven wells when of sufficient depth, fitted with thread and 
screw joints are safe, but open wells near the surface should 
not be permitted, as they afford a means of entrance for sur- 
face water. 

In certain localities in the State, Artesian wells are pre- 
ferable to shallow surface wells, as the latter are always in 
danger of pollution through seepage. 

When springs are used they should be boxed in with ce- 
ment walls and covered so as to prevent surface pollution. A 
pipe or through spill way should be set in the wall, so that 
the spring will not be polluted by children dipping their hands 
into it when getting water. 




A pure water supply is one of nature's greatest blessings. To 
pollute it with disease germs means sickness, suffering and often- 
times death. Well water in the country and small villages is, as a 
rule, pure when the well is of sufficient depth and properly constructed 
and its pollution is usually due to our ignorance or carelessness. 

How often have you seen the picture? The woman here repre- 
sented is washing bed linen and clothing of a typhoid fever patient. 
She handles the clothes, gets her hands covered with the germs, then 
practically washes them in the well in the act of drawing water, in- 
nocent, of course, of the danger. 

Such a well can also become contaminated from surface wash- 
ings. 




A well properly located, of sufficient depth, and constructed like 
this one will hardly become polluted except through the under- 
ground current. 



24 EXTENSION WORK 

THE SCHOOL PRIVY. 



Of equally as great importance in the sanitary appoint- 
ments of a school is the toilet and its location, for the purity 
of our water supply depends almost wholly on whether or not 
privy deposits have access to it. The toilets should, there- 
fore, be located at such a point that drainage is away from 
the water supply, so that, should there be any pollution of the 
soil, the well or spring will not be in danger of surface wash- 
ings. 

The privy should be properly constructed and cared for. 
This feature of sanitation in our homes, much less our 
schools, has been too long neglected. No single factor exists 
in our State that constitutes the menace to the health of our 
people that is found in the privy now in use. 

Many diseases, as typhoid fever, hookworm, Asiatic chol- 
era, dysentery and diarrhoea diseases are directly and in- 
directly products of the unsanitary toilet. 

To illustrate the need of replacing the unsanitary toilet 
with one that is sanitary, we are here contrasting the two. We 
are also showing the plan for constructing a sanitary privy, 
and giving bill of lumber for same. 

As the cost of the material varies in different localities, 
we cannot give accurately the cost of such a building, but it 
is safe to say that it can be constructed for $15.00. 

In estimating the number of seats for toilets for school 
buildings, one seat should be provided for the first fifteen pu- 
pils, and one additional for each additional fifteen pupils, or 
any fraction thereof. 

Separate buildings and widely separated, if possible, 
should, of course, be provided for boys and girls. Each 
seat should be partitioned off, as shown in the drawing. 

When a sanitary privy is constructed, it should then 
receive such care as will keep it sanitary. The buckets should 
be filled one-third full of a 10 per cent, solution of crude car- 
bolic acid, and when about two-thirds full, should be emptied 
— the contents being buried at least two hundred yards from 
a well, spring or stream of water. Privy deposit should not 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 



25 



be used as a fertilizer, unless disinfected beforehand, and 
under no circumstances should it be used as a fertilizer for 
N-eeetables. 




A privy of this kind not only serves as a breeding place for flies, 
but is a source from which typhoid fever, hookworm disease and other 
diseases frequently spread. We have learned that no greater danger 
threatens the health, happiness and prosperity of our homes than 
the unsanitary privy, for which there is no excuse: 




This kind of privy, while not as sanitary as sewerage; will, if 
properly constructed and kept, minimize the danger <~>f spreading 
disease to such an extent that it may be called a sanitary privy. In 
its construction it should be made fly proof, ventilated as shown in 
the cut, and elevated off the ground, so as to keep the earth dry 
and prevent the breeding of rats. 



RURAL SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT 27 

BILL OF LUMBER FOR PRIVY. 

2 Pes. 4x4x7 corner posts 

2 " 4x4x6 

4 " 2x4x8 rafters 

4 " 2x4x7 sills 

4 " 2x4x5 " 

4 " 2x4x5 joists 

2 " 2x4x8 plates 

2 " 2x4x5 1-2 plates 

2 " 2x4x5 1-2 nailing strips 

2 " 2x4x8 

2 " 2x4x14 guides and supports for seat 

4 " 1 1-2x2x3x10 sheathing 
60 Ft. B. M. flooring T. and G. 
22 Pes. 1x10x16 siding and top 

24 " 1-2x2x16 siding, and top strips 

1 Pc. 1 1-8x18x8 for seat — dressed 

2 Pes. 7-8x12x12 for seat flaps 

30 Ft. B. M. flooring for doors— 12 f. length 
20 " " " " " front of seat 

2 hooks and eyes for flap door 
2 Pr. hinges for doors on rear 
2 Pr. spring hinges for front doors 
2 Pr. hinges for flaps on seat 

5 Lbs. 20 penny nails 
5 " 8 " " 

1 Yard gauze wire 

2 14-quart galv. iron buckets 12 in. high. 




>0 

*0 ^kf.-£L 






"VVorking Drawings of Privy. 
















.V 



// 



Working Drawings of Privy. 




FIG. A. 

Fig. A shows front of Old Dominion system, with door E open, 

showing heater inside. 
D Galvanized reinforced iron drum. 
F Register handle regulating the rupply of fresh air under the 

heater. 
B Stove pipe. 
C Foul duct or pipe, running at an angle of 45 degress connecting 

with 
A Combined smoke and foul air air pipe, having tlie same capacity 

of pipes B & C combined. 



f / / V / 

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FIG. B. 

Showing operation of Old Dominion System. — The manufactur- 
ers claim the Old Dominion System, shown in Figs. A and Pi, is best 
because, 

It warms the room with pure fresh air, and combines a duct or 
pipe to exhaust the vitiated or foul air; no other system does this 

It does not require a separate independent foul air flue of brick 
or metal; all other systems do. 

It is simple, easy to set up, and easy to regulate, all other sys- 
tems are complicated. 

It does not clog with soot and rot out, requiring expensive ex- 
perts to repair; other systems do. 

It draws the foul or vitiated air from floor, of room by Synhon 
Suction combined with the heater; no other system can or does do 
this. 

It is the cheapest of all heating and ventilating systems, because 
it combines heater, ventilating drum, ventilating mat, stove pipe and 
foul air pipe or duct. Pipe furnished free, 6 ft. 4 ins. from center of 
heater, additional lengths 50 cents per foot. All other systems re- 
quire expensive independent foul air flues or ducts, either metal, brick 
or stone. 




be 

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to 




THE SMITH SYSTEM CONVECTION HEATER 

The manufacturers claim the Smith System as shown in Figs. C, and 
D, is better than a stove. 



Because it 

1. Heats the whole room quickly. 

2. Supplies plenty of warm fresh air. 

3. Removes the cold foul air. 

4. Warms the floors. 

5. Does not "roast" persons near it. 

6. Warms the persons farthest away. 

7. Is economical in fuel. 

8. Is much more pleasing in appear- 
ance. 

9. Prevents headaches, colds and the 
spread of contagious diseases. 

to. Furnishes a healthful, delightful 
atmosphere in which to work. 



Is better than a basement furnace. 
Because it 

1. Gives quicicr results. 

2. Gives better ventilation. 

3. Gives more even distribution of 
heat. 

4. Will last longer. 

5. Does not require a basement. 

6. Heats only the room intended. 

7. Is under better control by the 
teacher: 

8. Does not require a janitor. 

9. Uses 50% less fuel. 

10. Costs only a fourth or half as 
much. 



PLANS 
FOR 
RURAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS 

BY 
The Division of Drawing and Designing, 
Engineering Department, 
Clemson College. 



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Fig, 3. Design i, 



DESIGN NO. 1. 

A Model One-Room School Building. 

This is a good plan for a one-room school building which 
can be erected at small cost. It has ample vestibule and 
cloak room is well lighted and can be heated by jacket stove 
or furnace. The windows are grouped on the pupils' left and 
are placed high in the walls, their tops being almost 6 inches 
below the ceiling. This arrangement is used in all of the 
designs shown. Fgs. 1 and 2 show alternate designs for the 
exterior of the building. 



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DESIGN NO. 2. 

A Model Two-Room School Building. 

This building is well arranged in every way for the ac- 
commodation of the teachers with their classes . It will be 
noticed with what few changes this plan can be gotten from 
Design No. 1. This will allow a community to erect a one- 
room building and as the community grows the building can 
be enlarged by the addition of a second room as shown in 
this design, and of a third room as shown in Design 3. 



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Fig. 7. Design 3. 



DESIGN NO. 3. 
A Model Three-Room School Building. 

This design shows the completion of this series of one, 
two and three room buildings. The arrangement is good, 
the class and cloak rooms are large and well lighted. The 
exterior is simple, of good plain lines and inexpensive con- 
struction. 



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Fig. 9. Design 4. 



DESIGN NO. 4. 
A Model One-Room School Building. 

This design is the beginning of another series of one, 
two and three-room school buildings. The arrangement of 
rooms is good and the exterior is externally attractive. It 
would look par icularly well in the country, especially if con- 
structed of rough stone, which can be obtained at small cost 
in so many parts of our State. 



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Fig. ii. Design 5. 



DESIGN NO. 5. 
A Model Two-Room School Building. 

By the addition of a class room, with its teacher's and 
cloak room, on the left of the room shown in Design 4, we 
obtain a well arranged and in every way desirable two-room 
building. By means of the rolling partition the two rooms 
can be thrown into one, and if the seats are put on strips they 
can be quickly shifted to face the speaker. 



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Fig. 13. Design 6. 



DESIGN NO. 6. 
A Model Three-Room School Building. 

Extremely neat and artistic, all well arranged and well 
lighted, this desgn is one of the most desirable shown. Notice 
the addition of the third room, making a complete three-room 
building. 




Fig. 15. Design 7. 



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P'ig. 1 6. Design 7. 



DESIGN NO. 7. '"?" 

A Model One-Room School Building. 

This neat one-room building has many desirable features. 
The class room is conveniently arranged and well lighted. The 
cloak room is large and adjoins the class room permitting 
of entrance to the class room through the cloak room. The 
teacher's room is for the personal use of the, teacher or for, 
storage of supplies. The partition between the cloak room 
and teachers' room is only six feet high. The work room is 
a very desirable feature in all of these designs, but it can be 
omitted if desired. 




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DESIGN NO. 8. 
A Model Two-Room School Building. 

This design shows two class rooms with many desirable 
features. It has ample hallway, cloak rooms and teachers' 
rooms. The windows in the front of the right hand class 
room should be covered with shades, so as to keep their light 
from injuring the eyes of the pupils. This design is an en- 
largement of number 7 obtained by adding the right hand 
room. 



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l*ig- 2 3- Design 9. 



DESIGN NO. 9. 
A Model Three-Room School Building. 

A third room is added in the rear of those shown in De- 
sign 8, making this excellent three-room building. The class 
rooms are all well lighted and ventilated. By means of the low 
partitions between the cloak rooms and teachers' rooms the 
cloak rooms have ample light. The exterior is plain and of 
good proportion. It would look well with the sides of the 
building between windows shingled and stained. 



DESIGN NO. 10. 
A Model Four-Room School Building. 

This is a most excellent design for a four room school 
building. It is a perfect example of bilateral lighting, a 
model seating space, and a model arrangement of cloak rooms 
and teachers' rooms. The hall is large and by means of the 
large glass doors and high transoms, it receives ample light. 
The superintendent's office and library are well situated and 
of good size. These rooms could be used for other purposes. 
The building can be heated by jacket stoves in each room as 
shown, or by furnace placed in the basement. 

The building is of frame construction and has a pleasing 
appearance. A second story containing an auditorium, or 
additional class rooms, could be added. 










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64 




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DESIGN NO. 11. 
A Model Six-Room School Building. 

Quite a handsome building of classic design is shown. 
The building is of brick construction, two stories in height, 
ai 1 contains four class rooms with teacher's rooms and cloak 
roo! s Oi the first floor, and an auditorium, library and two 
■ last-; roo s on the second floor. An alternate design of the 
second floor showing a large auditorium is given. Dressing 
rooms are conveniently arranged adjoining the rostum. The 
building is well lighted, heated and ventilated and has ample 
exits. 

It is not the intention of the Clemson authorities to fur- 
nish working drawings for a building of this size. They will, 
however, be glad to advise in any way they can. Parties de- 
siring to erect such a building should consult a competent 
architect. * 




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Fig. 32. Design 12. 



DESIGN NO. 12. 

Clemson College has recently made an appropriation to 
aid the trustees of this school district in the erection of 
a school building. Design No. 12 shows this building. 

It contains two class rooms with a cloak room adjoining 
each. The class rooms are smaller than those shown in 
the drawing. The rooms are lighted from the left, in one 
room one window is placed in the rear, and are heated by a 
furnace installed in the basement. Hyloplate blackboards 
are on all walls not occupied by windows. The interior has 
plastered side walls, with wainscoting below the window 
level, which is almost V/* feet above the floor, and the over- 
head ceiling is of wood. The rooms are finished in three 
shades of green. Stain is used on. interior woodwork, and 
paint on the exterior. The windows in this design, as in all 
other designs shown, are grouped, and are placed high in 
the walls, their tops being near the ceiling. 



On account of the varying prices of labor and material in dif- 
ferent parts of the State, we will not attempt to estimate the cost 
of any of the designs shown. 



TYPICAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS 



IN 



SOUTH CAROLINA 



MODEL RURAL SCHOOL HOUSE. 

This mo'lel school house, of which a £.ut is shown, was erected 
on the grounds of the St. Louis Exposition. This cut was kindly 
loaned us by Prof. Howard A. Gass, State Supt. of Public Schools 
of Missouri. 




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DARLINGTON GRADED SCHOOL. 

A modest and inexpensive building erected at Ander- 
son, S. C. in 1895 was perhaps the first attempt in South 
Carolina at distinctive school architecture. The principles 
governing the design of this building were followed by the 
same architect seven years later in the graded school at 
Darlington, S. C, which forms the subject of this sketch. 
Profiting by a broader experience and observation and matur- 
er study, he was able to produce here, even with very limited 
means, a building, which meets every practical requirement of 
the modern school, without sacrificing the architectural 
character. 

This building, fronting a broad, smooth plaza and sur- 
rounded by magnificent Darlington oaks, presents an aspect 
of dignity, repose and refinement, which impresses everyone 
coming within its influence, qualities which play no small 
small part in education. It is in a simple, classic style, which 
seems particularly suited to our land-scape and climate, and 
to the temperament and traditions of our people. It is in 
marked contrast to the gloomy Tudor and the factory type, 
which have been introduced recently. 

The building immediately attracted attention through- 
out the State, and really marked the beginning of the pres- 
ent era of school architecture in South Carolina. It has served 
as a model for many of the more pretentious buildings in 
this and neighboring states, and its influence is more or less 
noticeable in many buildings which follow other general 
lines. 

There is a well lighted and dry basement under the en- 
tire building, mostly devoted to play-rooms and toilets ; one 
end for girls and the other for boys. These are approached 
by outside entrances with ramps for bicycles and by inside 
stairs at each end. 

The heating and ventilating plant occupies the central 
portion of the basement, and delivers, through ten vertical 



brick stacks, a supply of tempered air to each room and ex- 
hausts vitiated air, through independent stacks, above the 
roof, changing the entire volume of air in the building every 
fifteen minutes. This is accomplished by gravity alone, 
without the use of fans or other mechanical devices. The 
quantity of air flowing to and from the rooms remains always 
constant, but the temperature is controlled by hand from each 
room, by mixing dampers, by which cold and tempered air 
are mixed in any desired proportion. 

The first floor, contains a double office for the superin- 
tendent, a library, four class rooms, and an auditorium. The 
second floor contains six class rooms and a gallery to the 
auditorium. All the class rooms are of standard size for 
fifty pupils and have slate black-boards on two sides. Each 
class room has its independent cloak room with outside light 
and ventilation. 

The class rooms are lighted from the left of the pupils, 
and the corner rooms also from the back, with a glass area, 
in no case, less than one-fifth of the floor area. The win- 
dows finish six inches below the ceiling, so as to insure a 
sufficient light on the remotest desk, which is distant not 
more than one and a half times the height of the window. 

The auditorium is of sufficient size to assemble the en- 
tire school on the first floor, and there is a seating capacity in 
the gallery for visitors. 

There is a broad corridor from one end of the building to 
the other, with a cross corridor from front entrance to 
auditorium. 

The stairs are placed entirely outside the body of the 
building, and are cut off from it by brick walls, thus reduc- 
ing the noise as well as the fire hazard : They are of slow 
burning construction. 

The building was designed by Mr. Charles C. Wilson, 
now of the firm of Wilson & Sompayrac, Columbia ^. C. 

The cost was $22,000.00, but could probabb not be 
duplicated now for much less than $40,000.00. 



TAYLOR SCHOOL, COLUMBIA, S. C. 

Taylor school, of which a cut is published herein, is the 
first of the modern school buildings to be erected for the 
graded school system of buildings in the City of Columbia. It 
is also the pioneer of better school buildings throughout the 
State of South Carolina. 

This building consists of twelve rooms and an audito- 
rium on the first and second floors and in addition to this it 
has play rooms for the two sexes, a kindergarten room, and a 
most highly modern and improved system of sanitary ar- 
rangements for schools, all of which are placed in the base- 
ment of the building. The building is heated by a warm air 
mechanical system, with automatic heat regulation in each 
room, thus giving the highest form of efficiency for heat and 
ventilation in the building. 

The building is constructed of brick and trimmed with 
stone. It has a flat roof consisting of asphalt and gravel. The 
class rooms are arranged along the most modern lines — giv- 
ing the maximum amount of light to each pupil, and the 
rooms are designed to accommodate from 40 to 50 pupils.Each 
class room has its individual cloak room which is well vent- 
ilated, is lighted from the outside, and these cloak rooms are 
provided wih all modern utilities such as cloak and hat racks 
and umbrella stands. 

Each class room has an individual book case for the 
teacher; thus none of the rooms are encumbered with books, 
chalk and erasers, but all are required to be put away in the 
teacher's case in the evening. All doors entering class 
rooms and cloak rooms are hung with double swing hinges, 
which will swing either way, thus making it impossible to 
shut a pupil in or out of the room in case of a panic. There 
are no locks allowed on the doors of any of the rooms of the 
building, except the outside door. The outside doors are 
all hung so as to swing outward. 

The building is equipped with bells from the Superin- 



tendent's room to each of the teacher's rooms, and with a 
lire alarm system. There is every convenience in this 
building for the handling of a school in a perfect way. The 
building is so arranged that the sunlight at some portion of 
the day penetrates each class room and the main corridor of 
the building, thus insuring the greatest sanitary conditions. 
This building was designed and its construction super- 
vised by Edwards & Walter. Architects, then of Columbia. 
S. C, of which firm Mr Wm. A. Edwards, 631 Candler 
Building, Atlanta. Ga„ is now the successor. 



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Greeleyville School. 



Greeleyville School, Greeleyville, S. C. 

The plans for this modern school building were furnished 
by Messrs. Shaw & Lafaye, Engineers and Architects, Colum- 
bia, S. C. 



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Shandon School. 



SHANDON GRADED SCHOOL, COLUMBIA, S. C 

This cut shows an ornate, yet inexpensive building. 
The floor plans show a typical arrangement of a model 
six class room school building, a number of which type 
have been erected by the architects, Messrs. Sayre & 
Baldwin, of Anderson, S. C. 

There are three entrances to the first story of the build- 
ing. The main front entrance is through a large portico 
into a wide corridor which intersects with a cross corridor 
leading to the side entrances. The wide double doors to 
all the entrances are made to open outward to allow free 
exit in case of panic ; but the class room doors, which 
are of sufficient width to allow pupils to march out two 
abreast, open inward, so that the teachers may control 
the egress of classes, and thereby prevent congestion in 
the corridors. The landing of the side entrances, being 
below the first floor, enables the pupils, during recess, to 
reach the toilet rooms in the basement by going down only 
a few steps. All of the six class rooms are corner rooms, 
allowing the seats to be so arranged that light comes only 
from the left and the rear of the pupils. Natural venti- 
lation is secured where mechanical ventilation is not used, 

It is to be noted that for each class room there is pro- 
vided a seperate cloak room so arranged that the pupils 
may go through the cloak room into the class room, or 
directly into the class room. The cloak rooms are pro- 
vided with ample clothes hooks and lunch shelf. 

In the cross corridors, two wide, commodious flights 
of stairs lead from the center of the first floor, through 
side entrances, into the auditorium — a unique feature of 
the building. This auditorium, occupying all of the sec- 
ond floor except the space taken by two class rooms, is of 
such shape as to secure the best acoustic properties, and 
is so arranged as to give an unobstructed view of the 
stage from every seat. The private passage in the rear of 



the stage, through two dressing rooms, which are also 
used for cloak rooms, makes a very convenient arrange- 
ment for the entertainments which are frequently held at 
these schools. 

In the basement, which it not shown, the toilet rooms 
are placed at each end with the furnace or boiler room in 
the center. It is to be noted that the stair arrangement 
gives an easy exit from the auditorium, and also privacy 
to the sexes in going to or from the toilet rooms. 

The first story height is twelve feet, and the second 
story height, on account of the auditorium, is made fifteen 
feet. 

The light area of each class room is one-fifth of the 
floor area. 

The air in the class rooms, where mechanical ventila- 
tion is used, is changed from three to four times per hour. 

The building is of brick exterior with plastered frame 
walls and ceilings on interior. - 

Deadening or sound-proof paper is used between the 
floors to prevent sound from passing from one room to 
another. 




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HIGH SCHOOL AT ABBEVILLE, S. C. 

This building is of red brick of rather a rough tex- 
ture, laid in red mortar, the joints are wide, being 5-8", and 
the mortar is a shade darker than the brick ; window sills 
and belt course, key stones, and all trimmings are of cast 
concrete. 

All wood work is painted white and all metal is painted 
with black metallic paint. 

The building contains seven class rooms and a lecture 
room, six of the rooms are capable of seating 30 pupils, a! 
lowing for aisles around all sides of the room and between 
desks, using single desks ; one of these rooms has a seating 
capacity of only 20 pupils under the same conditions. The 
lecture room will seat 200 pupils. 

All blackboards are slate and there are 160 square feet of 
blackboard to each room ; in the lecture room this amount is 
doubled. 

The toilets which are situated in the basement, are well 
ventilated and lighted. In the girls' toilet the closets are of 
the low-down-type, with enameled steel flush tanks, and 
enameled iron bowls. The boys closets are "Standard" 
automatic enameled iron, low-down combinations, with "Os- 
born" improved automatic valves. The urinal is of 
slate and has five stalls. These closets are reached from 
separate portions of the building, lending privacy. 

Heating is by mechanical draft heated air, the air being 
heated by means of three Peck-Hammond horizontal furnaces. 
The fresh air is supplied through a motor driven fan, at the 
rate of four complete changes of fresh air per hour, the foul 
air being discharged through ducts running to the attic and 
thence through the dome to the outer air. 

Plans and specifications were prepared and the build- 
ing erected under supervision of F. H. & J. G. Cunningham, 
Architects and Engineers, Greenville, S. C. 

The cost of the building was $17,784.38. 



BILL OF MATERIAL — DESIGN NO. 1. 
Elevation, Fig. 2. 



8 Pieces 4 by 10 — 17 — Sills. 
4 " 4 by 10 — 12 — 
48 " 2 by 6 — 14 — Ceiling joists. 
48 " 2 by 10 — 12 — Floor joists. 
40 " 2 by 4 — 16 — Rafters. 
140 " 2 by 4 — 13 — Studding. 

4 " 4 by 6 — 13 — Corner studding. 
800 " 1" Boards for sub-floor. 
600 " 1 by 3 Sheathing for roof and bridging. 
7000 Shingles No. 1. 
240 Yards plastering. 

1800 Ft. Ceiling for overhead and wainscot. 
1000 " Flooring. 

11 Window frames 12 by 20 — 12 lights. 
11 Pair sash, 12 by 20 — 12 lights, weights and cords. 
1 Outside door frame 2-10 by 6-10. 

1 Inside door frame 2' — 8" by 6' — 8" for closet. 

3 Inside door frames 2-10 by 6-10. 

4 Doers 2-10 by 6-10 — 1 3-8". 
1 Door 2' — 8" by 6-8' — 1 3-8". 

200 Lin. ft. wainscot — cap and base. 

110 Square ft. Blackboard. 4 feet wide. 

130 Lin. ft. mould for boards. 

225 Lin. ft. 2y 2 " Bed moulding for angles. 
17 00 Ft. Siding. 

8 Pieces 5-4 by 5" — 13' corner stiles. 

140 Lin. ft. Boxing, 3 members. 
4000 Brick. 

7 Barrels of lime for brick work. 

2 Columns 8" — 9'. 

2 Half Columns, 8"— Q,. 
20 Lin. ft. Balusters and rails, stick balusters. 
4 Pieces 5-4 by 12" — 5' for steps, D. 4 S. 
4 " 7-8 by 7" — 5' for steps, D. 4 S. 

4 Gallons oil. 
10 Gallons paint. 

5 Fair 4 by 4 Butts for doors. 
5 Locks. 

8 Kegs nails. 



BILL OF MATERIAL — DESIGN NO. 4. 



7 pieces 8 by 8 — 17 — Sills. 

7 " 6 by 8 — 17 — Sills. 

7 " 6 by 8 — 13 — Sills. 

3 " 6 by 8 — 10 — Sills. 
48 " 2 by 10 — 13 — Floor joists. 
10 " 2 by 10 — 9 — Floor joists. 
10 " 2 by 10 — 9 Floor joists, Porch. 
21 " 2 by 10 — 26 — Ceiling joists. 

7 " 2 by 6 — 14 — Floor joists, Room. 
10 " 2 by 6 — 10 — Ceiling joists, Porch. 
32 " 2 by 6 — 19' — Rafters. 

18 " 2 by 6 — 14 — Ceiling over room and porch. 
18000 Shingles. 

900 ft. B. M. 1 by 3 Sheathing. 
1100 ft. Siding. 

14 pes. 1 1-4 by 5 — V Corner stile 
1250 ft. 7-8 by 3 1-4 flooring "B." 
1250 ft. 5-8 by 3 1-4 ceiling "B." 
195 lin. ft. Inside Base (3 members). 
160 lin. ft. O. S. Water Table. 
160 lin. ft. 4" Shingle Mould for Rafter ends. 
160 lin. ft. 7-8 by 5 facia boards. 

8 prs. sash 12 by 20 — 12 lights, weight and cord. 

8 Window frames 12 by 20 — 12 lights with inside trim. 
3 pr. sash 12 by 20 — 6 lights, weights and cord. 

3 Window frames 12 by 20 — 6 lights with inside trim. 

4 doors 3 by 7 — O. G. 5 pan. 1 3-8. 

3 Inside door frames 3 by 7 with trim. 
1 Outside door frame 3 by 7 with trim. 

4 prs. 1 1-4 by 12 D. S. 6 ft. for steps. 
4 prs. 7-8 by 8 D. S. 6 ft. for steps. 

7 Brackets for front porch. 
4000 plastering laths. 

14 bbls. lime. 
350 Brick. 
3500 kegs nails. 

7 door locks. 
7 pr. door hinges. 
250 sq. ft. Hyloplate boards (48" high.) 

9 gallons paint. 
3 gallons oil. 

15 gallons Shingle stain for base. 



BILL OF MATERIAL — DESIGN NO. 5. 



6 Pes. 6 by 8 — 17 — SMB. 

9 " 6 by 8 — 13 — " 
6 " 6 by 8 — 16 — " 

2 " 6 by 8 — 10 — " Porch. 

3 " 6 by 8 — 15 — " 

90 " 2 by 10 — 13 — Floor joist. 
90 " 2 by S — 28 — Ceiling joist. 
60 " 2 by 6 — 18 — Rafters. 
280 " 2 by 4—12 — Studding. 
6 " 4 by 6 — 12 — Corner post. 
30 " 2 by 4 — 16 — Plates. 
1500 ft. B. M. 1 by 3 Sheathing. 
24000 Shingles. 
1200 ft. Siding. 

16 Pes 5-4 by 5 1-2 — 7 Corner stile. 

8 Brackets on porch. 

1 Piece 5-4 by 12 — 17' for steps. 

2 Pieces 5-4 by 12 — 12' for steps. 

1 Piece 7-8 by 8 — 17 for steps. 

2 Pieces 7-8 by 8 — 12 for steps. 
15 Pr. 12 by 20 — 12 It. Sash. 

15 Window frames, 12 by 20 — 12 It., with inside trim. 

6 Pr. Sash 12 by 20 — 6 lights. 

6 Window frames 12 by 20 — 6 lights with inside triEL 

6 Doors, 2-10 by 6-10 O. G. 5 pan. 

6 Inside door frames 2-10 by 6-10 with trim. 

2 Doors 3 by 7 — O. G. 5 Par. 

2 O S. Door frames 3 by 7, with inside trim. 
2400 ft. 7-8 by 3 1-4 flooring, "B". 
2400 ft. 5-8 by 3 1-4 Ceiling "B". 

19 Lin. ft. Rolling partition 9' high. 
7500 Plastering laths. 

24 Barrels lime. 
5500 Brick. 

12 Gals, paint. 

25 Gals, shingle stain for base. 
3 Gals. oil. 

9 Kegs nails. 
8 Door locks. 

8 Pr. door hinges. 
285 Sq. ft. Hyloplate board (48" high.) 
360 Lin. ft. inside base, 3 members. 
170 Lin. ft. 4" Shingle mould. 
170 Lin. ft. 7-8 by 6 facia board for rafter ends. 
180 Lin. ft. 3" O. S. water table. 



3BILL OF MATERIAL, DESIGN NO. 6. 



19 Pieces 6 by 8 — 13 — Sill. 
8 " 6 by 8 — 16 — " 
4 " 6 by 8 — 17 — " 

1 " 6 by 8 — 10 — " 

2 " 6 by 8 — 15 — " 

138 " 2 by 10 — 13 — Floor Joists. 
120 " 2 by 10 — 25 — Ceiling Joists. 

10 " 4 by 6 — 12 Corner Posts. 
325 " 2 by 4 — 12 — Studding. 
45 " 2 by 4 — 16 — Plates. 
55 " 2 by 6 — 20 — Rafters. 
25 " 2 by 6 — 15 — Rafters. 
3 000' 1 by 3 B. M. Sheathing. 
42000 Shingles. 
2100' Siding. 
300 Lin. ft, 3", Water Table. 
300 Lin. ft 4" Shingle Mould. 

3 00 Lin. ft. 3-4" by 5" facia board for Rafter ends. 
2 prs. 1 1-4" by 12" — 18' steps. 
2 prs. 1 1-4" by 12" — 16' steps. 
2 prs. 3-4" by 8" — 18 steps. 
2 prs. 3-4" by 8" — 16' steps. 
3500' 7-8" by 3 1-4" — "B" Flooring. 
3500' 5-P" by 1-4" — "B" Ceiling. 
39 Lin. ft. Inside Base (3 members.) 

6 Outside door frames, 3 by 7 with inside trim. 

7 Inside door frames, 3 by 7 with inside trim. 
13 doors, 3 by 7 — 1 3-8 O. G. 5 panel. 

23 prs. sash, 12 by 20 — 12 lights with weights and cord. 

4 prs. sash, 12 by 20 — 6 lights with weights and cord. 
1 Rolling Partition, 18' long and 9' high. 

9000 Plastering laths. 

50 bbls. of Lime. 
8000 Brick. 
720 sq. ft. Hyloplate Blackboards (48" high.) 

18 gallons of paint. 

5 gallons of oil. 

30 gallons of shingle stain for base. 

12 Kegs Nails. 

13 Locks for doors. 
13 prs. 4 by 4 ninges. 

16 prs. 1 1-4" by 5 1-2—8' Corner stile. 
300 Lin. ft. 3-4" quarter round. 



BILL OF MATERIAL — DESIGN NO. 8. 



12 Pes. 6 by 8 — 17 — Sills. 


12 


• 6 by 8 — 13 — " 


2 


' 6 by 8 — 9 — " 


75 


' 2 by 10 — 13 — Floor joist. 


24 


' 2 by 10 — 9 — " " hall. 


75 


' 2 by 8 — 27 — Ceiling joist. 


24 


' 2 by 6 — 9 — " " Hall 


40 " 2 by 6 — 25 — Rafters. 


1600 Ft. B. M. 1 by 3— Sbeatbing. 


11800 Sbingles. 


10 Pes. 4 by 6 — 12 — Cor. post. 


300 " 2 by4 — 12 — Studding. 


42 " 2 by 4 — 16 — Plates. 


275 Lin. ft. Cornice. 


250 " " 1 by 10 D. S. Outside base. 


250 


" 3" Water table. 



2800 ft. Siding. 

12 Pes. 5-4 by 5 1-2' D. S. Corner stiles. 
3150 ft. B. M. 7-8 Flooring. 

3150 " " " 5-8 Ceiling. 

14 Pes. 5-4 by 12 — D. S — 8' for steps. 

14 " 7-8 by 7 1-2 D. S. — 8" — for steps. 
2 Columns 8" by 8' with cap and base. 

2 Columns 6" by 5'-6" with cap and base. 
25 juin. ft. Baluster and rail, square pickets — 1 1-8 by 1 1- 
21 Pr. 12 by 20 — 12 lights, Sash. 

21 Window frames, 12 by 20 — 12 lights with inside trim. 
2 Side lights for front doors. 
5 Door frames, 3 by 7, with 24" transom. 
5 Door frames, with 24" transom. 
8 Doors, 3 by 7 — O. G. 5 panel. 
8 Inside door frames 3 by 7 with trim. 
180 Square feet Hyloplate black boards. (48" high.) 
8500 Plastering laths. 

40 Barrels lime. 
4500 Brick. 
400 Lin. ft. inside base, 3 members. 
300 Lin. ft. 3-4 quarter round. 

15 Gals. Paint. 
4 Gals. Oil. 

10 Kegs nails. 

13 Pr. hinges. 
13 Door locks. 



BILL OF MATERIAL — DESIGN NO. 0. 



18 pieces 6 by 8 — 14 Sills. 

13 " 6 by 8 — 13 Sills. 
104 " 2 by 10 — 13 Floor Joists. 

30 " 2 by 10 Floor Joists, Hall. 

82 " 2 by 10 — 27 Ceiling Joists. 
130 " 2 by 6 — 10 Ceiling Joists, Hall. 

16 " 2 by 6 — 14 Ceiling Joists, Work Room. 
130 " 2 by 6 — 19 Rafters. 

20 " 2 by 6 — 16 Rafters. 
380 " 2 by 4 — 12 Studding. 

12 " 2 by 6 — 12 Corner Studding. 

40 " 2 by 4 — 16 Plates. 
4000' Siding "B". 
4800' 7-8 by 3 1-4 Flooring *'B". 
8800' 5-8 by 3 1-4 Ceiling "B". 
450 Lin. ft. Inside Base (3 members). 
320 Lin. ft. Cornice. 
320 Lin ft. O. S. Base 1 by 10 D. S. 
320 Lin. ft. 3" Water Table. 

12 pes. 1 1-4 by 5 1-2 Corner stile. 
2 8" Cols. 8' Cap and Base. 

2 6" Cols. 6' Cap and Base. 
15 pes. 1 1-4 by 12 — 8' Steps. 

15 pes. 7-8 by 8 — 8' Steps. 

28 lin. ft. Porch Balusters sq. pickets. 
3000 Plastering laths. 
4000 Brick. 

16 bbls. lime. 

404 sq. ft. Hyloplate Board (48" high.) 

2 Doors 3 by 7—1 3-4 Glazed. 

3 sets side lights. 

1 Transom 36 by 24". 

1 Front door frame — 3 by 7 — with 24" transom and aide 
lights. 

2 Doors 3 by 7 — Glazed, 1 3-4, with 24" transom. 

2 door frames 3 by 7 with 24" transom. 

3 Inside door frames 3 by 7 with inside trim. 
3 Doors 3 by 7 — O. G. 5 panels. 

11 Doors 2' 10" by 6'10" — O. G. 5 pan. 
11 Inside door frames 2-10" by 6-10" with trim. 
30 prs.sash.12 by 20 — 12 lights 1 3-8 with weights and cord. 
30 Window frames 12 by 20 — 12 l'ghts with inside trim. 
11 Kegs nails. 
3 Front door locks. 

13 Inside door locks. 
16 pr. 4 by 4 hinges. 
SO Gallons paint. 

8 gallons oil. 



BILL OF MATERIAL — DESIGN NO. 10. 



24 pieces 6 by 8 — 17 Sills. 
16 " 6 by 8 — 13 " 

3 " 6 by 8 — 12 " Hall 

120 " 2 by 10 — 13 Floor Joists. 
55 " 2 by 10 — 12 " " Hall. 

120 " 2 by 10 — 28 Ceiling Joists. 
55 " 2 by 6 — 12 

9 " 2 by 10 — 32 Rafters. 
20 " 2 by 8 — 22 Rafters. 

16 " 4 by 6 — 12 Corner Posts. 
500 " 2x4 — 12 Studding. 
60 " 2 by 4 — 16 Plates. 
36000 Shingles. 
2200' B. M. 1 by 3 Sheathing. 
4800' Siding. 

3 2 prs. 1 1-4 by 5 1-2 — 13 Corner stile. 
330 Lin. ft. 4" Water table. 
330 Lin. ft Cornice. 
5000' 7-8 by 3 1-4 Flooring "B". 
5000' 5-8 by 3 1-4 Ceiling "B". 
8000 Lin. ft. Inside base (3 members). 
14000 Plastering Laths. 

70 bbls. Lime. 
15000 Brick. 

1 pc. 1 1-4 by 12 — 18 steps. 
1 pc. 1 1-4 by 12 — 17 steps. 
1 pc. 1 1-4 by 12 — 16 steps. 
1 pc. 1 1-4 by 12 — 15 steps. 
6 pc. 1 1-4 by 12 — 12 steps. 
1 pc. 7-8 by 8 — 18 steps. 
1 pc 7-8 by 8 — 17 steps. 
1 pc. 7-8 by 8 — 16 steps. 

1 pc. 7-8 by 8 — 15 steps. 
6 pc 7-8 by 8 — 12 steps. 

2 pr. Doors — Glazed 7-8. 
2 Transoms 7 by 2. 

2 O. S. door frames 7 by 8 — witn 24" Transom. 

2 Doors 2-8 by 6-8 O. G. 5 panel. 

5 Inside door frames 2-8 by 6-8 with inside trim. 

10 Doors 3 by 7 — O. G. 5 panel. 

10 Inside door frames with trim. 3 by 7. 
24 pr. sash 12 by 20 — 12 lights, weights and cords. 
24 Window frames 12 by 20 — 12 m:nts, with inside trim. 
300 Lin. ft. 3-4 qr. Round. 
1040 sq. ft. Hyloplate blackboard (48" high.) 
15 Kegs nails. 



2 front door locks, double doors. 
18 Inside door locks. 
24 pr. hinges 4 by 4. 
3 8 gallons paint. 
10 gallons oil. 



BILL OF MATERIAL — DESIGN NO. 12. 



8 Pieces 4 by 10 — 11 — Sills. 

6 " 4 by 10 — 17 — 

3 8 " 2 by 10 — 20 — Floor joists. 

19 " 2 by 10 — 8 — Floor joists, hall. 

38 " 2 by 8 — 20 — Ceiling joists. 

19 " 2 by 6 — 8 — Ceiling joists, hall. 
50 " 2 by 4 — 16 — Rafters. 

170 " 2 by 4 — 13 — Studs. 

8 " 4 by 6 — 13 — Corner post. 

900 Feet 1 by 3 Sheathing and bridging. 

1100 " 1" Boards for sub-floor. 

1300 " Flooring. 

2300 " Ceiling for overhead and wainscot. 

280 Lin. Feet wainscot, cap and base. 

280 Lin. ft. Bed mould for angles. (2 1-2") 

8 Pieces 5-4 by 5" — 13, corner boards. 

160 Lin. ft. boxing, 3 members. 

160 " " 1 by 10 — D 4. S. for outside base. 

160 " " Base cap for outside base. 

3 50 Yds. Plastering. 

2000 Ft. siding. 

1 Outside door frame 2 — 10 by 6 — 10. 

1 " " 2 — 10 by 6 — 10 by 1 3-4". 
5 Inside door frames 2 — 10 by 6 — 10. 

5 Inside doors, 2-10 by 6-10 by 1 3-8. 

16 Window frames, 12 by 20 — 12 lights. 

16 Pair sash, 12 by 20 — 12 lights, weights and cords. 

200 Square feet Blackboard 4 feet wide. 

120 Lin. ft. mould for boards. 

5500 Brick. 

11 Barrels lime for brick work. 

2 Columns 8" — 9'. 

2 1-2" Columns, 8" — 9'. 

20 Lin. ft. Balusters and rails. 

4 Pieces 5-4 by 12" by 5' for steps. 

4 Pieces 7-8 by 8" by 5' for steps. 

6 Pieces 4 by 4 Butts for doors. 
11 Kegs of nails. 

16 Gallons of paint. 

6 " " oil. 

13000 Shingles. 



The Clemson Agricultural College Extension Work Bul- 
letins will be mailed free upon application to any citizen of 
South Carolina. The following bulletins hare been issued: 



Vol. 1. *No. 1 (I) 

lege. 

P. T 
No. 2. 



in 



The Public 
(II) Road Improvement 
Brodie. 
A Talk About Textile Schools 



Service of Clemson Col- 
South Carolina. By 



No. 3. The Development of Public 



By J. H. M. 
Grounds in 



Beaty. 
Cities 



and Villages. By G. A. Parker. 

4. Catalogue of Clemson College, 1904-1905 
Dairy Farming. By John Michels. 
Determination 



of the Common 
By F. H. H. Cal- 



No 

*No. 

Vol. II. *No. 1. The 

Minerals and Rocks of South Carolina 

houn. 

No. 2. Catalogue of Clemson College, 1905-1906. 
*No. 3. Removal of Stains From Clothing and Other 

Fabrics. By Joseph Hidy James, Ph. D. 
Domestic Dyeing. By Charles Stebbins Doggett. 
No. 4. The Control of Garden and Orchard Insects. By 

Charles E. Chambliss. 
No. 5. Some Disease-Carrying Insects. By Charles E. 

Chambliss. 
Vol. III. No. 1. Farm, Home, and School Sanitation. 

By Haven Metcalf. 
No. 2. Catalogue of Clemson College, 1906-1907. 
No. 3. Fall and Winter Gardening. By C. C. Newman. 
No. 4. Tick Eradication in South Carolina. By M. Ray 



Powers. 

Vol. IV. No. 1. The Rural Home. By J. S. Newman. 
*No. 2. Cotton Grading. By D. E. Earle. 
No. 3. Catalogue of Clemson College, 1907-1908. 
No. 4. Powers for the Farm. By S. fi. Earle. 
Vol. V. No. 1. Spraying With Lime Sulphur Wash as 

a Means of Controlling San Jose Scale. By A. F. Con- 

radi and W. A. Thomas. 



No. 2. 
No. 3. 
No. 4. 

B R 
Vol.' VI. No. 

ial Ingredients 



Catalogue of Clemson College, 1908-1909. 



1. 



Poultry Raising. By M. L. Donaldson. 

Hog Raising in South Carolina. By Senator 

Tillman. 

The Chief Sources of the Three Essent- 
of Commercial Fertilizers, Nitrogen, 
Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Ly Dr. R. N. Brackett. 
No. 2. Catalogue of Clemson College, 1909-1910. 
No. 3. Rural School Improvement. By R. E. Lee. 



*Out of Print. 



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